(1) Nuclear submarines. Russia is in an international leading position in the research and manufacturing technology of building titanium alloy nuclear submarines, and is also the country that first built pressure resistant shells using titanium alloy Z. During the peak period, the annual production of titanium alloy thick plates and pipes for submarines reached 10000 tons, accounting for 30-50% of the annual production of titanium alloy processing. Since the 1960s, Russia has developed four generations of nuclear submarines. The first "ALFA" class nuclear submarine was built by Russia in 1970, and another six were built in the 1970s and 1980s, each using approximately 3000 tons of titanium. A typical example of titanium used on ships is the Russian Typhoon class nuclear submarine, which has a shell made of titanium alloy. Due to military needs, it adopts a double shell structure, and its double shell shares 9000 tons of titanium, making it non magnetic, deep diving, fast sailing speed, low noise, and less maintenance times
(2) All titanium ship. Japan has good practical experience in manufacturing titanium ships. In the 1990s, Dongbang Titanium Company, Nissan Industrial Company, Tengxin Shipyard, Jiangteng Shipyard, and others all built all titanium fishing boats or speedboats. The advantages of all titanium ships are light weight, fast speed, small engines, low fuel costs, low carbon dioxide emissions, no need for surface coatings, easy cleaning of attachments, etc. The disadvantages are high material costs, high difficulty in processing and manufacturing technology, and strict protection requirements. The results of the ship trial show that the ship has good performance in terms of speed stability, vibration, and noise.
(3) Atomic powered ships. Russia used titanium alloy instead of stainless steel to manufacture steam engines, heat exchangers, and coolers for ships, overcoming corrosion damage. The power plant of Russia's existing atomic powered icebreakers widely uses titanium steam engines. The use of titanium alloy can extend the service life of its engine by more than 10 times.
(4) Relevant components of deep submersibles and rescue boats. The United States, Japan, and France have all successively built deep submersibles. Using titanium and titanium alloys to manufacture pressure resistant shells. Among them, the US Aivin, Sea Cliff deep submersibles, the French SM97, the Japanese Deep Sea "2000", and the US Navy Deep Sea Rescue Boat all have titanium components.
(5) Sonar deflector. The titanium alloy sonar dome has excellent comprehensive performance and is applied in the sonar system of the Russian aircraft carriers Kursk, Minsk, and Kiev. According to the different requirements for underwater and surface applications, there are currently two types of shell plate sound transmission materials used by the sonar fairing of in-service vessels in China's Navy: stainless steel and fiber-reinforced fiberglass.
(6) Propeller. The propeller material requires high strength, good fatigue performance in seawater medium, resistance to erosion and cavitation corrosion, and titanium alloy can meet the comprehensive performance requirements mentioned above. The US Navy first used a four blade detachable supercavitating titanium alloy propeller with a diameter of 1500mm on hydrofoil vessels. China developed hydrofoil speedboat propellers in 1972 and has produced various types of titanium alloy propellers with diameters ranging from 450-1100mm. Long term use has shown that the service life of titanium alloy propellers is more than 5 times that of copper alloy propellers.
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